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1 substerno
sub-sterno, strāvi, strātum, 3, v. a., to strew, scatter, spread, or lay under or beneath (class.; cf. subicio).I.Lit.:B.segetem ovibus,
Cato, R. R. 37, 2:verbenas,
Ter. And. 4, 3, 12:casias et nardi lenis aristas,
Ov. M. 15, 398; Plin. 20, 14, 56, § 158:folia,
id. 20, 21, 84, § 226:semina hordei,
Col. 5, 9, 9:fucum marinum,
to spread underneath, lay as a ground - color, Plin. 26, 10, 66, § 103 (syn. sublino): se (mulier), to submit, in mal. part., Cat. 64, 403:substratus Numida mortuo Romano,
stretched out under, lying under, Liv. 22, 51, 9: pelage late substrata, spread out or extended beneath, Lucr. 6, 619; 4, 411:si forte lacus substratus Averni'st,
id. 6, 746; cf.:natura insidians pontum substravit avaris,
Prop. 3 (4), 7, 37:pullos,
i. e. to furnish them with a couch, Plin. 10, 33, 49, § 93.— Absol.:male substravisse pecori,
Plin. 18, 23, 53, § 194.— Impers. pass.:pecori diligenter substernatur,
Cato, R. R. 37, 2.—Transf., to bestrew, spread over, cover any thing:II.solum paleis,
Varr. R. R. 1, 57, 2:gallinae nidos mollissime substernunt,
Cic. N. D. 2, 52, 129:fundamenta carbonibus,
Plin. 36, 14, 21, § 95.—Trop., to spread out, submit for examination, acceptance, etc.; to give up, surrender, prostitute:omne concretum atque corporeum animo,
Cic. Univ. 8:delicias,
Lucr. 2, 22; cf.:pudicitiam alicui,
Suet. Aug. 68; Val. Max. 2, 7, 14. -
2 ὑποτείνω
ὑποτείνω (A),A stretch under, put under,ὀθόνιον Hp.VC14
, Pl.Ti. 74a;δοκίδα ὑπὸ τὴν κλίνην Hp.Fract.13
; ἀντηρίδας.. ὑ. πρὸς τοὺς τοίχους fixed stay-beams to strengthen the ship's sides, Th.7.36:—[voice] Pass., to be extended beneath, Arist.PA 695a2.b intr., extend under, subtend, ὑπὸ τὴν μείζω γωνίαν ὑ. τὴν τοῦ τριγώνου (sc. ἡ γραμμή) Id.Mete. 376a13; ἡ τὴν ὀρθὴν γωνίαν ὑποτείνουσα (sc. γραμμή or πλευρά ) the hypotenuse or line subtending the right angle, Apollod. ap. Ath.10.418f; so ἡ ὑποτείνουσα alone, Pl.Ti. 54d, Arist.IA 709a1, 20; of a chord, subtend an arc, Euc.3.29; ἡ τὴν ΜΝΞ περιφέρειαν ὑποτείνουσαεὐθεῖα Theodos.
Tripol.Sphaer.2.33 Heiberg.II hold out hopes, offer, c. inf.,ὑ. τὰ ἐμπόρια συνελευθεροῦν Hdt.7.158
, cf. Th.8.48; alsoὑ. [τινὶ] μισθούς Ar.Ach. 657
; ἐλπίδας, ὑποσχέσεις, D.13.19, 23.14:—[voice] Med., D.C.38.31.2 lay or put before one, present, suggest,ὑ. τοῖς λόγοις μέμψιν Paus.7.9.4
;ὑ. λόγους τινὶ τοιούτους λέγειν E.Or. 915
(tm.);ἀπάτην Plu.Tim.10
:— [voice] Med., Pl.Tht. 179e; also, propose a question, Id.Grg. 448e; has as its subjects,Steph.
in Gal.1.233 D.------------------------------------ὑποτείνω (B),A v. ὑποτίνω.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὑποτείνω
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3 extenderse
1 (durar) to extend, last■ el periodo que estudiaremos se extiende entre los siglos XVIII y XIX the period we're going to study goes from the 18th century to the 19th century2 (terreno) to stretch3 figurado (difundirse) to spread, extend4 figurado (al hablar) to enlarge, expand, go into detail* * *1) to stretch2) spread* * *VPR1) (=propagarse) [tumor, rumor, revolución] to spread (a to)2) (=ocupar un espacio) [terreno, cultivo] to stretch, extend; [especie, raza] to extendla mancha de petróleo se extendía hasta la orilla — the oil-slick stretched o extended as far as the shore
ante nosotros se extendía todo un mundo de posibilidades — a whole world of possibilities lay before us
3) (=durar) to lastel período que se extiende desde principios de siglo hasta los años veinte — the period lasting from the beginning of the century up to the 1920s
4) (=explayarse)extenderse en o sobre — [+ tema, comentarios, respuestas] to expand on
* * *(v.) = spread (over/throughout), gain + currency, spread over, take off, catch on, ricochet, sweep through, sprawlEx. This should illustrate rather dramatically how failure to adopt a single well-defined form of name could spread entries throughout the alphabet.Ex. It seems that around this late period of the seventeenth century this usage was beginning to gain currency.Ex. Files will have to be spread over two or more disks, and it may not be convenient to divide the file in this way.Ex. But at some stage they are going to take off and public librarians will need to be ready to stake their claim to be the most appropriate people to collect and organize local community information.Ex. These new technologies are advancing rapidly in Japan and are likely to catch on quickly in other countries.Ex. The subsequent changes that threaten to ricochet through the higher education sector can be described as evolutionary.Ex. A killer bacteria resistant to antibiotics is sowing panic across Israel as it sweeps through hospitals leaving scores dead.Ex. Atlanta, too, has been sprawling outward, with three suburban counties making the nation's top 10 list for fastest rate of population growth.* * *(v.) = spread (over/throughout), gain + currency, spread over, take off, catch on, ricochet, sweep through, sprawlEx: This should illustrate rather dramatically how failure to adopt a single well-defined form of name could spread entries throughout the alphabet.
Ex: It seems that around this late period of the seventeenth century this usage was beginning to gain currency.Ex: Files will have to be spread over two or more disks, and it may not be convenient to divide the file in this way.Ex: But at some stage they are going to take off and public librarians will need to be ready to stake their claim to be the most appropriate people to collect and organize local community information.Ex: These new technologies are advancing rapidly in Japan and are likely to catch on quickly in other countries.Ex: The subsequent changes that threaten to ricochet through the higher education sector can be described as evolutionary.Ex: A killer bacteria resistant to antibiotics is sowing panic across Israel as it sweeps through hospitals leaving scores dead.Ex: Atlanta, too, has been sprawling outward, with three suburban counties making the nation's top 10 list for fastest rate of population growth.* * *
■extenderse verbo reflexivo
1 (en el tiempo) to extend, last
2 (en el espacio) to spread out, stretch
3 (divulgarse) to spread, extend
4 (hablar mucho tiempo) to go on
' extenderse' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cundir
- seguir
- extender
- ir
- lado
English:
currency
- enlarge
- extend
- fire
- lie
- open out
- permeate
- range
- reach
- set in
- sprawl
- spread
- stretch
- stretch out
- sweep
- tail back
- unfold
- span
- spill
- wild
* * *vprextenderse por to stretch o extend across;sus tierras se extienden hasta la carretera/por todo el valle his property extends as far as the main road/all the way along the valley2. [durar] to extend, to last;su etapa de gobierno se extiende desde 1986 a 1994 her period of office extended o lasted from 1986 to 19943. [difundirse] to spread ( por across);el incendio se extendió por el bosque the fire spread through the forest;el virus se extendió rápidamente por Internet the virus spread quickly over the Internet;pon servilletas para que no se extienda la mancha put some paper napkins down so the stain doesn't spread;la costumbre se ha extendido a otras zonas del país the custom has spread to other parts of the country4. [hablar mucho] to enlarge, to expand (en on);no quisiera extenderme más I prefer not to say any more than that5. [tenderse] to stretch out* * *v/r1 de campos stretch2 de influencia extend3 ( difundirse) spread4 ( durar) last5 ( explayarse) go into detail* * *vr1) : to spread2) : to last* * *extenderse vbse ha extendido la moda de llevar el pelo muy corto the fashion of having very short hair has spread2. (en el tiempo) to last3. (terreno) to stretch -
4 podъ
I. podъ I Grammatical information: prep./pref.Old Church Slavic:Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Čak. pod(ȃ\ȁ) (Orbanići) `under, beneath' [prep/pref]Slovene:pòd `under, towards (of time)' [prep/pref]Bulgarian:II. podъ II Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: b/c Proto-Slavic meaning: `floor, ground'Russian:Old Russian:Ukrainian:Czech:půda `floor, bottom' [f ā]Serbo-Croatian:pȏd `floor, ground' [m o], pȍda [Gens];pȍd (Vuk) `floor, ground' [m o], pȍda [Gens];Čak. pȍd (Vrgada) `floor, ground' [m o], podȁ [Gens];Čak. pȍd (Novi) `floor, ground' [m o], podȁ [Gens];Kajk. pȅd (Bednja) `floor, ground' [m o], pyedȁ [Gens]Slovene:pòd `floor, threshing floor, attic' [m o], póda [Gens]Bulgarian:Lithuanian:Latvian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₂po-dʰh₁-o- -
5 Allen, Horatio
[br]b. 10 May 1802 Schenectady, New York, USAd. 1 January 1890 South Orange, New Jersey, USA[br]American engineer, pioneer of steam locomotives.[br]Allen was the Resident Engineer for construction of the Delaware \& Hudson Canal and in 1828 was instructed by J.B. Jervis to visit England to purchase locomotives for the canal's rail extension. He drove the locomotive Stourbridge Lion, built by J.U. Rastrick, on its first trial on 9 August 1829, but weak track prevented its regular use.Allen was present at the Rainhill Trials on the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in October 1829. So was E.L.Miller, one of the promoters of the South Carolina Canal \& Rail Road Company, to which Allen was appointed Chief Engineer that autumn. Allen was influential in introducing locomotives to this railway, and the West Point Foundry built a locomotive for it to his design; it was the first locomotive built in the USA for sale. This locomotive, which bore some resemblance to Novelty, built for Rainhill by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, was named Best Friend of Charleston. On Christmas Day 1830 it hauled the first scheduled steam train to run in America, carrying 141 passengers.In 1832 the West Point Foundry built four double-ended, articulated 2–2–0+0–2–2 locomotives to Horatio Allen's design for the South Carolina railroad. From each end of a central firebox extended two boiler barrels side by side with common smokeboxes and chimneys; wheels were mounted on swivelling sub-frames, one at each end, beneath these boilers. Allen's principal object was to produce a powerful locomotive with a light axle loading.Allen subsequently became a partner in Stillman, Allen \& Co. of New York, builders of marine engines, and in 1843 was President of the Erie Railroad.[br]Further ReadingJ.Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.Dictionary of American Biography.R.E.Carlson, 1969, The Liverpool \& Manchester Railway Project 1821–1831, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.J.H.White Jr, 1994, "Old debts and new visions", in Common Roots—Separate Branches, London: Science Museum, 79–82.PJGR -
6 Stephenson, Robert
[br]b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 October 1859 London, England[br]English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.[br]Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGR
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